INTRODUCTION 1 CHAPTER 1: “I WAS ALWAYS A UNION MAN”: AFRICAN-AMERICAN LOYALTY AND COMMUNITY IN HISTORIOGRAPHY 9 CHAPTER 2: “I NEVER DID ANYTHING TO HELP THE REBELS”: NETWORKS OF RESISTANCE 22 CHAPTER 3: “MY FAMILY WERE ALL FOR THE UNION”: LOYALTY AND KINSHIP 33 CHAPTER 4: “MOST ALL OF THE COLORED MEN WERE LOYAL”: NETWORKS IN BLACK AND WHITE 49 EPILOGUE 70 APPENDIX 1: NETWORKS 76 FIGURE 1. CHARLES CITY COUNTY FIGURE 2. HENRICO COUNTY FIGURE 3. NANSEMOND COUNTY FIGURE 4. NEW KENT COUNTY APPENDIX 2: TABLE 1 80 BIBLIOGRAPHY 81

In the early 1900s, Ireland experienced a surge in nationalism as its political leanings shifted away from allegiance to the British Parliament and towards a pro-Ireland and pro-independence stance. The landscape of Ireland during this period was changed dramatically by the subversive popularity of the Irish political party, Sinn Fein, which campaigned for an Ireland for the Irish.

This paper looks at the acceptability of torture as a national security policy to combat terrorism. This paper finds that torture is an ineffective and unconstitutional practice. It also explains that torture infringes upon the most basic human rights as well as basic democratic rights. The legalization of torture for antiterrorism would lead to the expansion of torture in the future as society became more accepting of torture. The legalization of torture could increase the amount of torture that occurs across the globe because the United States often sets global precedents.

Zinc(II) bromide catalyzes the addition of terminal acetylenes to both saturated and unsaturated aldehydes in good to excellent yield at room temperature in the presence of trimethylsilyl trifluoromethanesulfonate (TMSOTf) and Hunig's base (i-Pr2NEt). No reaction is observed under similar conditions in the absence of TMSOTf. Desilylation of the initial product provides access to synthetically useful propargyllic alcohols.

In normal basepairing of DNA, the 2’-deoxyguanosine (dG) nucleotide will only pair with 2’-deoxycytidine (dC). Reactive oxygen species produced constantly by radiation, chemical carcinogens and as byproducts of respiration can oxidize the C8 position of dG, forming 8-oxo-2’-deoxyguanosine (OdG). OdG can then form stable base pairs with both dC and 2’-deoxyadenosine (dA). When a dA opposite OdG is replicated, it will be paired to dT rather than dG, causing a dG→dT mutation in the DNA code. These mutations have been linked to diseases such as arthritis, lupus and cancer.

This work was sponsored by the University of Richmond, School of Arts & Sciences, Department of English.

38 leaves ; 28 cm.

This work was sponsored by the University of Richmond, School of Arts & Sciences, Department of Math and Computer Science.

This paper builds on recent research utilizing real time datasets in order to assess the forecasting utility of consumer sentiment indexes in the United Kingdom. Academic researchers have consistently found that consumer confidence indexes accurately predict consumer spending in the near term. Few of these examinations, however, have utilized out of sample forecasting and only one has incorporated real time data.

This work was sponsored by the University of Richmond, School of Arts & Sciences, Department of Music.