LASR Search: Harari, Mariano, University of Richmond. School of Arts & Sciences. Department of Economics.

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The impact of social pressures on referee's sanctions in professional soccer: a case study of penalty kicks in the MLS

This paper examines referee bias in the Major League Soccer (MLS), particularly looking at referees’ decisions regarding penalty kicks. After analyzing the 520 penalty kicks sanctioned since the inception of the MLS, this study ascertains that referees’ display a considerable bias favoring the home team when awarding the initial penalty kick of a game. Additionally, this study demonstrates that in matches with more than one penalty kick, the penalties are disproportionately awarded to each team, suggesting that referees are compensating or atoning for their initial calls.